A CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) machine is an automated milling or routing system that follows programmed instructions to cut, carve, and shape materials. On homesteads, CNC routers are used for furniture making, cabinetry, sign making, mold and pattern making, and custom fabrication. The technology translates digital designs into physical parts with repeatable precision.
CNC routers are the most common type for homestead use. They use a rotating spindle to cut wood, plastics, and non-ferrous metals. Desktop routers like the Maslow and makerspace machines have working areas of 1.2 by 2.4 meters or larger. The Maslow CNC uses a unique hanging chain drive system that allows a large cutting area at low cost. MakerMade machines offer rigid frame designs with improved accuracy.
CNC mills use rotating end mills to cut metal. They are heavier and more rigid than routers and are used for machining steel, aluminum, and brass.
CNC machines require three software components: CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software for creating designs, CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) software for generating toolpaths, and control software for running the machine. Free and open-source options include FreeCAD, Fusion 360 for personal use, and OpenBuilds Control.
CNC machines produce furniture components, cabinet parts, jigs and templates, signs, decorative elements, and replacement parts for equipment. They enable batch production of identical parts, reducing the time per part significantly compared to manual methods.