Plumbing is the system of pipes, fittings, valves, and fixtures that distributes water and removes waste from a building. A homestead water system has three main components: the supply system that brings water from the source to the building, the distribution system that delivers water to fixtures, and the drainage system that removes wastewater. Understanding plumbing basics is essential for maintaining and repairing a homestead water system.
Copper pipe is the traditional standard for domestic [[Well Systems]]. Type M copper is the thinnest and most economical, used for supply lines. Type L is thicker and used for main lines and repairs. Copper is resistant to corrosion but expensive and requires soldered joints.
PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) is the most common modern piping material. It is flexible, resistant to freezing damage, and easier to install than copper. PEX is connected with crimp rings, clamp rings, or push-fit fittings. It is color-coded: red for hot water, blue for cold water, white for supply lines.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is used for cold water supply and drainage. CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) is rated for hot water. Both are joined with solvent cement. PVC is economical but becomes brittle in sunlight unless UV-protected.
The main shutoff valve is located at the point where the water supply enters the building, typically a ball valve with a quarter-turn handle. Individual fixture shutoff valves allow repairs without shutting off the entire system. A pressure regulator reduces incoming water pressure to 50 to 60 psi for residential use. A backflow preventer protects the water supply from contamination.
Water pipes in unheated areas are protected from freezing by insulation, heat tape, or drain-down systems. Pipe insulation is rated by R-value and thickness; a 1.3 centimeter (0.5 inch) foam sleeve provides basic protection. Heat tape with a thermostat activates at 2 degrees Celsius (35 degrees Fahrenheit). Drain-down systems empty exposed pipes when the temperature drops.