An axe is a striking tool with a sharp-edged metal head mounted on a handle, used for felling trees, limbing, and splitting wood. Axes are distinguished by head weight, blade geometry, and handle length according to their specific task.
The felling axe has a relatively narrow, keen-edged blade with a bevel angle of 25–30 degrees. The thin edge penetrates wood fibers efficiently for cross-grain cutting. Handle length ranges from 60 to 90 cm (24–36 in) with a head weight of 1.5–2.5 kg (3.3–5.5 lb). The longer handle provides swing leverage for maximum cutting power.
A splitting axe has a wider, wedge-shaped head with a bevel angle of 35–40 degrees. The broader wedge drives wood fibers apart rather than cutting through them. Handle length ranges from 70 to 80 cm (28–32 in) with a heavier head of 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb).
The double-bit axe has two sharpened edges on a single head, one on each side. It allows the user to keep one edge keen for felling and the other duller for rough work. Double-bit axes require greater skill to use safely because both edges are exposed.
A carpenter's hatchet is a small, lightweight axe with a flat poll (back face) designed for striking. It is used for light trimming, notching, and rough shaping. (See the [Hatchet] page for details.)
Quality axe heads are forged from medium-carbon steel (0.5–0.8% carbon) with a hardened edge. The body of the head is left softer to absorb impact, while the edge is hardened for wear resistance. Some axes use laminated construction with a hard steel edge sandwiched between softer iron cheeks.
Axes are sharpened with a mill file (8–10 in, single cut) or a sharpening stone. The bevel is filed from the shoulder to the edge, maintaining the original bevel angle. A file card is used to clean the file teeth. For fine edges, a medium or fine sharpening stone completes the edge. The axe should never be ground on a high-speed bench grinder unless the edge is cool — overheating destroys the temper.
Axes should be stored with the edge protected by a sheath or guard. The handle should be checked regularly for cracks, splits, or looseness. Before use, the head should be confirmed tight on the handle; a loose head can detach mid-swing. The user should maintain a clear work area with no obstructions within the swing radius. Proper striking angle and stance are essential. An axe should never be thrown or used as a hammer.